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Overview Of Intellectual Property Essay -- IP Copyright
Licensed innovation Chapter by chapter guide Outline of Intellectual Property 3 Sorts of Intellectual Property Rights 3 Mechanic...
Wednesday, September 2, 2020
Overview Of Intellectual Property Essay -- IP Copyright
Licensed innovation Chapter by chapter guide Outline of Intellectual Property 3 Sorts of Intellectual Property Rights 3 Mechanical property 4 Copyright 5 Debate of Intellectual Property 5 Licensed innovation in the Digital Age 7 No Electronic Theft Act 9 Advanced Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 9 Contextual investigation Involving Intellectual Property â⬠Domain Names 9 Conclusion 11 Outline of Intellectual Property The term licensed innovation alludes to the developments of the human brain. Licensed innovation rights secure the interests of these trailblazers by giving them property rights joined to those thoughts. The expression protected innovation rights represents these lawful rights that creators, innovators, and different makers have. Licensed innovation laws identify with a specific manner by which thoughts or data is communicated or shown, yet not simply the genuine thoughts or precise idea. The primary utilization of the articulation protected innovation has all the earmarks of being October 1845, in Davoll versus Earthy colored, a patent case in Massachusetts. Equity Charles Woodbury said that just along these lines would we be able to secure licensed innovation, the works of the brain, creations and interests as much a man's own...as the wheat he develops, or the groups he raises. Though instituted numerous years earlier, the term has just become well known as of late. It was phenomenal to hear the articulation until the foundation of the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1967, which at that point effectively advanced the term. Sorts of Intellectual Property Rights There are presently a wide range of approaches to ensure protected innovation. Licensed innovation is partitioned into two principle classifications: mechanical property, which incorporates licenses, trademarks, modern desi... ...he space name to the proprietor of the markâ⬠. The court can likewise grant legal harms somewhere in the range of $1,000 and $100,000 per area name. For this situation, Gallo would doubtlessly get the exchange of the space name to his proprietorship. He will likewise most likely get harms, maybe his court costs and whatever the court regarded reasonable for remunerate him for the harm done by the litigant utilizing the site to adversely affect his name and business. End Licensed innovation can be a confounding term, yet it is a significant idea. The consequences of fortifying or loosening up its grasp in transit we collaborate and use data today will influence people in the future in manners that might be indistinct, however evidently ground-breaking. It is essential to adjust the privileges of people on either side of the law, so data can be applied to what we need it for the most, development.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
An Analysis of UKs and Chinas pharmaceutical markets
London Stock Market and Capital Budgeting - Essay Example Winning in business is described by net benefits. There are two different ways of producing reserves. They are getting and contributing. The best spot to contribute reserves is visiting the London Stock Exchange. The accompanying sections clarifies plainly why putting resources into capital resources is a hazard that can be custom fitted to create benefits and not left to risk (Datta, and Jones 1999, 21). The above calculation shows that deals for the main year is 7,000,000. The immediate materials and variable working costs sum is 2,500,000. The immediate work sum is 2,000,000. The manufacturing plant overhead is shown up at by increasing the immediate work sum by 50%. The sum showed up at is 1,000,000. The yearly devaluation of 675,000 is shown up at by partitioning the venture cost of the gear measure of 3,375,000 by five years. The net benefit result is 825,000.The money inflow is shown up at by including back the yearly deterioration cost to the total compensation in light of the fact that there is no real money surge produced by the devaluation cost. The net money inflow figured for the primary year is 1,500,000. This produces a first year present worth utilizing the net present worth rebate table for fluctuating yearly money inflows is 1,485,000(Dayananda et al. 2002, 5). The above calculation shows that deals for the subsequent year is 7,700,000. ... The net benefit result is 975,000.The money inflow is shown up at by including back the yearly devaluation cost to the overall gain on the grounds that there is no genuine money surge created by the deterioration cost. The net money inflow figured for the subsequent year is 1,650,000. This creates a first year present worth utilizing the net present worth rebate table for shifting yearly money inflows is 1,617,000. The above calculation shows that deals for the third year is 8,400,000. The immediate materials and variable working costs sum is 3,000,000. The immediate work sum is 2,400,000. The production line overhead is shown up at by duplicating the immediate work sum by 50%. The sum showed up at is 1,200,000. The yearly devaluation of 675,000 is shown up at by partitioning the venture cost of the gear measure of 3,375,000 by five years. The net benefit result is 1,125,000.The money inflow is shown up at by including back the yearly deterioration cost to the total compensation in light of the fact that there is no real money outpouring created by the devaluation cost. The net money inflow processed for the subsequent year is 1,800,000. This produces a first year present worth utilizing the net present worth markdown table for shifting yearly money inflows is 1,747,000. The above calculation shows that deals for the fourth year is 6,300,000. The immediate materials and variable working costs sum is 2,250,000. The immediate work sum is 1,800,000. The production line overhead is shown up at by increasing the immediate work sum by 50%. The sum showed up at is 900,000. The yearly devaluation of 675,000 is shown up at by partitioning the venture cost
Friday, August 21, 2020
The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell :: Essays Papers
The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell Character Analysis Sir Gawain is one of the more well known Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legends. Different writers have expounded on Gawain including the mysterious writer of The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell. The peruser becomes acquainted with Gawainââ¬â¢s character through its improvement all through the story. Gawain shows his temperance and affable way through his words and furthermore through his activities. His physical appearance and dress are never referenced so there are no signs to his character in such manner. Gawainââ¬â¢s immovable way notwithstanding affliction is further demonstration of his value as a knight. The primary impression we have of Gawain in the story is not long after King Arthur comes back from his chase. Gawain is the main individual to whom Arthur trusts his misfortune with Sir Gromer Somer Jour. Arthurââ¬â¢s evident trust of Gawain to worry about his concern demonstrates that he trusts Gawainââ¬â¢s counsel and that Gawain will be attentive about the kingââ¬â¢s inconveniences. Gawain authorizes this conviction when he says, I am not that man that wold you shame/Nother by evin ne by moron(329). Rather than Arthur who breaks his promise to Sir Gromer that I shold nevere telle it to no wighte(331) by raising his issues on another, Gawainââ¬â¢s character displays an increasingly noteworthy manner by promptly offering his help. The juxtaposition of these two differentiating characters, to be specific Arthur and Gawain, serves to show every one of their traits in a more clear, progressively characterized light. Despite the fact that Arthur doesn't really act in an app rehensive way, neither does he match Gawainââ¬â¢s ethical nature. After Arthurââ¬â¢s experience with Dame Ragnell later in the story, he comes back to his home significantly more debilitated than when he set out. Gawain, after gathering with the blue lord, swears that I had switch myself be dead, so not I thee(335) when he hears Arthurââ¬â¢s premonition forecast that he will without a doubt kick the bucket. Gawain backs up his dedication with minor words as well as with his activities also. At the point when confronted with the possibility of taking a repulsive spouse to spare his lordââ¬â¢s life, Gawain doesn't stop for a second however says that he will â⬠¦wed her and marry her once more,/Thoughe she were a battle,/Though she were as foulle as Belsabub,/Her will I marry, by the rood,/Or ellses were not I your frende(335).
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
How To Study PhD Background Essay Samples
How To Study PhD Background Essay SamplesPhD background essays are often done for purposes of job interviews. While you might have questions about the authenticity of the sample, a simple look at it will answer any questions you may have. For example, the person writing the sample is a scholar and they are documenting their accomplishments and the progress they've made over the years to have been accepted into their doctoral program. These essays are often composed with great care and precision as they help applicants explain what they can do for the university and its mission.While the samples on offer are certainly more impressive than someone who just makes up an essay on the spot, this is not exactly how this type of thesis will be submitted to universities. These essays will typically be done in a more casual manner so that your professor can ask you some questions. You are not being asked to just jump in and out there with a well-formulated argument. In other words, this is som ething a student would be asked to do.It is a good idea for a student to write his or her essays in the style of this sample because it will show you how it will be done and what a typical sentence looks like. As a result, you can get an idea of what to expect from a typical writing assignment.So, if you're wondering how to go about studying the sample or how you can go about writing one yourself, the first thing you should know is that there is not a program that is designed to provide PhD background essays. However, if you're lucky enough to find a faculty member at your university, they will most likely be willing to share them with you. This means that there is no need to pay someone to do this for you.Once you're aware of this fact, it's time to begin searching for an online college or university that offers graduate programs in humanities. This will involve asking the person you're planning to submit the sample to if he or she has any knowledge of it and if it will be a requir ement for your college application. This usually isn't a problem but you should really take your time before coming to a decision. Plus, if you ask someone close to you, they might be able to point you in the right direction.The best course of action would be to contact your current advisor and tell them you want to submit the sample to the faculty you want to apply to and see if they'll be able to get it sent to the full professor in the department you want to apply to. At this point, you have to be sure you've chosen the right person because this is the person responsible for your undergraduate education. If you're unsure who your advisor is, start by asking your parents who the professor is, your teacher, your home guidance counselor, and the assistant dean in charge of your college. From this list, you should be able to narrow down your search.Even if you don't end up getting your dream position after applying, the dissertation can still be of value in the hiring process. After all, who knows, you may end up getting the job you're applying for! So don't worry too much about how to do a PhD background essay samples; use this opportunity to help you develop a resume that will make a difference in your life.
Saturday, May 16, 2020
Essay on P5 BTEC Level 3 unit 38 - 1402 Words
P5- In this task I am going to look at how The business are impacted by European and international factors, I will also look at what impact these factors cause The business The first implication that will impact The business is the European Union, which has been in a deep recession this is because consumer demand has fallen, whilst unemployment rates are increasing across the European union. This has caused great concern to global markets as the possibility that Greece may not be able to pay of their outstanding debts, this could result into the them defaulting the Eurozone, however there is some stability but this situation is very delicate because the European Central Bank and also the International monetary fund, haveâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Interest rates in the EU and UK will affect The business because if the base rate are low this is good because it will allow consumer to get cheaper loans allowing them to purchase the business luxuries like items, also it allows people to finance cars cheaper because the base interest rate is low. The exchange rate will could work as a benefit to the business this is because if other countries currency is weaker than the US this will mean they will look to sell there for more profit because they will have to pay foreign currency for the product. So if the Euro exchange rate falls this could be seen good because it will mean that countries in the Euro will have to pay more for The business cars, however this can cause more problems for The business because it will mean that some consumers may not be able to afford the companies products. However another advantage is that this would mean that they could have cheaper parts from the suppliers because the exchange rate has fallen. In the European union there are many different rules that you have to comply with to get one of them is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which attempts to rationalise farming and the production of food and other farmed produce, this is done by allowing subsides to be paid to farmers to grow certain crops, however money spent in the EU can not be spent on reliving unemployment, which is a major concern in all EU states. I am going to look at howShow MoreRelatedunit 16958 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿BTEC NATIONAL IN BUSINESS (LEVEL 3) Unit 16 ââ¬â Human Resource Management in Business The study of human resource management will help you understand an organisation, its structure, the way it works and its culture. Organisations need their employees to contribute effectively to the achievement of the organisational purpose. In order to achieve this, staff will have to be properly selected, trained and managed. Managers have to understand how to motivate employees and win their commitment to theRead MoreUnit 38 Business and Economic Environment4792 Words à |à 20 PagesUnit 38: Unit code: QCF Level 3: Credit value: Business and the Economic Environment T/502/5500 BTEC National 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose The aim of this unit is to introduce learners to the interaction between the general economic environment and business activity and how the interactions generate national wellbeing. Learners will study how government activities regulate and influence business activities and how business activities influence government action and policyRead Moreunit 38 Accounting2172 Words à |à 9 PagesUnit 38 Business and the Economic EnvironmentLearner name Assessor nameSameeha Hussain/Antonio ZarroDate unit issuedUnit DeadlineDate unit submitted by student27/01/1419/04/14 Criteria referenceTo achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able toAsst Task no. Assessor initial date when metPASS CRITERIAP1 Explain the effects of changes in the economic environment on a selected business P2 Identify how government policies impact on a selected business P3 Identify the impactRead MoreEvent Driven Programming5602 Words à |à 23 PagesBTEC Extended Diploma for IT Practitioners Event Driven Programming (2010) ~ Unit 14 ~ Unit Code : F/601/7281 Level 3 14.P1 14.P2 14.P3 14.P4 14.P5 14.P6 14.M1 Explain the key features of event driven programs. Demonstrate the use of event driven tools and techniques. Design an event driven application to meet defined requirements. Implement a working event driven application to meet defined requirements. Test an event driven application. Create onscreen help to assist the users of a computer program
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Department Of Juvenile Justice - 1642 Words
The Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) appointed a new commissioner at the beginning of 1983, at this time the department was facing many organizational issues. The state legislature had previously passed legislation affecting the environment in which the organization operated affecting the population it was originally intending to serve. Internally the DJJ faced many challenges involving organizational goals, routines, engaged staff, and new leadership. It is recommended that the organization take actions to adjust to the environment and align its goals with the new legislature. The newly appointed commissioner should adjust her management towards a task-orientated leadership until the critical director and staff positions are fulfilled. Once the department directors are in place, directives can be established to develop department routines. Hired management can then enforce standard operation procedures as needed to optimize the performance of the organization. Service Population and State Regulation A change in service population at Spofford was a result of new legislation passed in 1978. Public concern and legislature in New York had a significant impact on the Department of Juvenile Justice; Spofford was to absorb serious juvenile offenders due to the Juvenile Offender Act. This resulted in a shift of the service population from status offender to include more serious juvenile offenders (Varley, 1987, p. 6). This change in legislation and youth populationShow MoreRelatedThe Virginia Department Of Juvenile Justice926 Words à |à 4 PagesAssociation of Social Workers, 2008). So why are as many of 70% of those in local and state juvenile justice systems dealing with their illness in correctional facilities (National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 2016; Shufelt Cocozza, 2006)? These are the national numbers. So what about in our own state of Virginia? The Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) conducted a study of juveniles in detention homes in 2002 and that fo und that more than 40% of males and almost 60% of femalesRead MoreDepartment Of Juvenile Justice System Essay2336 Words à |à 10 PagesDepartment of Juvenile Justice Organization description Florida Legislatures created the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice in 1994 to serve as the state agency responsible for youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Although the state agency is under the authority of the state governor, Secretary Christina Daly, who provides leadership for the organization, each circuit has a leadership team who runs the daily operation of each sub-department. The Departmentââ¬â¢s headquarterRead MoreThe Florida Department Of Juvenile Justice2932 Words à |à 12 Pages I. Introduction The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice Office of Prevention and Victim Services provides voluntary youth crime prevention programs through the state of Florida. The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice mission is to increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency through operative prevention, intervention and treatment services that builds up families for a turn around of a brighter future of a troubled youth. The main functions of these programs as will be indicatedRead MoreEvaluation At Department Of Juvenile Justice2188 Words à |à 9 PagesAlexandra was seen for evaluation at Department of Juvenile Justice located in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. She presented as a Hispanic-American female who was of average height and weight and appeared her stated age of 15. The youth was dressed appropriately for the weather conditions and evidenced of adequate grooming and hygiene. The youth was accompanied to the appointment by her Case Manager albeit she was assessed outside of her presence. Importantly, no gross abnormalities were noted in ambulationRead MoreEssay on Kentucky Department of Juvenile Justice1997 Words à |à 8 PagesOffice of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention found that high numbers of detention orders were being issued for status youth statewide. The main issue of concern was the valid court order exception to the DSO core requirement was used 2,000 times. This allowed judges to order non-delinquent youth in locked detention facility whose most serious violations involved repeat offenses of running away, skipping school or being rebelling against authority figures. The disturbing thing about thisRead MoreSouth Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice2058 Words à |à 9 PagesPersonnel Case Study Abstract This paper will address the functionality of the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice. First, it will examine the Agency as a whole and then it will explore the individuality of sectors within the agency. Second, the paper will discuss the different ways that the agency survives and serves the community. The South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice plays a vital role in the success of at risk youth and maintaining a secure structure to assist youthRead MoreThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words à |à 4 PagesCourts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. This paper will discuss the role of the police, the courts and the Department of CorrectionsRead MoreGrant Proposal. Second Chance Act Smart On Juvenile Justice:956 Words à |à 4 PagesSecond chance Act Smart on Juvenile Justice: Community Supervision Reform Program I. Statement of the Problem: The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (Division of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention) is requesting funds to provide juveniles a second chance through a community supervision reform program. The Departmentââ¬â¢s goal for requesting these funds is to reduce the number of juveniles currently on probation. As of 2013, there were over 383,600 juveniles on probation. This programRead MoreRebound Drug Court Intern1110 Words à |à 5 Pagespopulation. Georgia has 159 counties. The DeKalb County Juvenile Court is located in the Gregory A. Adams Juvenile Justice Center at 4309 Memorial Drive in Decatur GA. The juvenile court was established in 1899 as an entity separate from the criminal court. As a separate court system of justice for young people, it focused on prevention and remediation of delinquent behavior (Lemov). The state of Georgia has a Dual Juvenile Justice Department: Independent and Dependent. Independent Court manages thereRead MoreChild Justice Act : Child And Youth Care Centers Or Prisons929 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe judge; this is in stark contrast to the United States juvenile system where there is variation in the age limits, which depends on the state lines. North Carolinaââ¬â¢s minimum age is at 6-years; others use the age of seven with a majority using the age of seventeen. Juvenile supervision can be further extended its jurisdiction for individuals who were tried under a juvenile system well into their twenties. The South African Child Justice Act prescribes four categories under which sentencing may
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
According to Geldard Essay Example For Students
According to Geldard Essay Depressive syndrome and major depressive disorder, however, both tend to include frequent thoughts about death and/or suicide, suicide plans, or suicidal acts (Achenbach, 1991). According to Geldard Geldard (1999), adolescents who attempt suicide share some common characteristics. They tend to have very intense interpersonal relationships with only a few people, and to express their feelings by acting out rather than by communicating them verbally. It is also likely that they have an external locus of control regarding their situation, and that they express high levels of hopelessness, thinking that things are unlikely to ever improve. This is also suggested by research that has shown that the cognitive characteristic of hopelessness is the single best predictor of eventual suicide (Freeman Dattilio, 1992). Additionally, adolescents who are more likely to commit suicide are inclined to overreact to things, and can be hypersensitive. Dacey Kenny (1997) also point out that adolescents who attempt and complete suicide frequently have more stressful lives, less coping strategies and poor school performance. Suicide can be related to any number of problems that that person is experiencing at that time in their life, but specific problems that are often experienced by adolescents who attempt or commit suicide or self-harm are family problems, especially those which threaten the stability of the family, such as parental separation; a serious lack of communication between the adolescent and their parents or care givers; problems within peer relationships; not belonging to a group or having any friends; and what they perceive to be a failure to live up to expectation of others, such as parents (Geldard Geldard, 1999). Hawton et al. (1982) reported that over four fifths of adolescents who had attempted suicide reported being unable to discuss their problems with their parents. Bhugra et al. s (2002) findings also support Geldard Geldards comments. They found, in their study of Asian and white adolescents who had self-harmed over a three year period, that one of the major risk factors for the adolescents in this study was an unfavourable family environment, including issues such as parental separation, especially in the white groups. Abuse of alcohol by a parent or sibling was another risk factor, and physical or sexual abuse at home another precipitating factor of self-harm. These problems seemed to be exacerbated by trouble with peers and problems at school, with over half of the whites and one third of the Asians reporting it. The problems at school varied, from academic problems to bullying, but whatever kind of problem it was, was a large precipitating factor. It is not surprising then, if adolescents are experiencing problems at home as well as problems at school, that they need time out. Taking an overdose was reported by the participants in the study as a way of getting time out from all these pressures, even if it was only for a short time (Bhugra et al. , 2002). Only two of the ninety-nine cases in Bhugra et al. s study, however, mentioned racial harassment as a triggering factor, so it would appear in this case that racism is not a major issue. This contradicts results of former studies that have implied racial issues can be a risk factor. When examining the prevalence of suicide among differing ethnic groups, the findings are apparently contradictory. MIND (1995) published statistics that suggest suicide rates are much higher among ethnic minority groups, stating for example, that immigrant status increases the risk of suicide and attempted suicide, and that Asian females have a suicidal rate three times higher for the 15-24 year age group than the national average. However, Bhugra et al. (2002), in the study cited above, found that Asian adolescents are no more likely to take overdoses. This implies that figures may have changed over the last few years. .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .postImageUrl , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:hover , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:visited , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:active { border:0!important; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:active , .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ac60f76968f809c4b92df8ac176f0ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Surrogate Mothering EssayObviously, there are bound to be discrepancies between different studies, and Bhugra et al. s study did have a relatively small participant sample, and was based purely on case notes. It would be interesting to see the results of a similar study carried out with a larger sample size, and using a more qualitative approach, to try and understand the reasons for the differences between ethnic groups, if any are found at all. This could lead to important discoveries regarding risk factors and triggers for suicide and self-harm within different cultural settings in todays society. The rate of suicide attempts in adolescents is also increased in those who have been abused during childhood, another risk factor identified in Bhugra et al. s research. Adolescents who have been physically abused can experience feelings of powerlessness and helplessness (Kaplan et al. , 1997), and are therefore more at risk of developing other risk factors associated with suicide, such as depression, substance abuse and disruptive behaviour. Sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence has also been documented as contributing to suicidal gestures and attempts (VanderMay Meff, 1982; Bagley et al., 1997). Boys who are sexually abused have significantly more behavioural and emotional problems, including suicidal thoughts and behaviour, than do girls, according to research by Garnefski Diekstra (1996). Another risk factor associated with adolescent suicide is the loss of a loved one. This risk is increased when that person committed suicide themselves, and it has been noticed that bereavement after suicide is more complicated when compared to that of losing someone through natural causes, as there can be more guilt involved (Peters Weller, 1994). For these reasons, counsellors need to be aware of the nature of the loss suffered by their client. Bhugra et al. (2002) also found a marked increase in the prevalence of suicide in adolescents over the age of 14, highlighting the impact of puberty, and also suggesting that this is the age where individuation begins, causing further stresses at home. The favoured method for the adolescents involved in this study was overdosing on paracetamol, which has preventative implications. If access to drugs is restricted, then the rate of impulsive suicides may be reduced. When working with adolescents who may be at risk of self-harm or suicide, special attention needs to be paid to this subject in the confidentiality contract, discussed and signed at the beginning of therapy. The counsellor needs to explain to their client that in the event of them disclosing plans of suicide, then other people, such as the clients GP or a professional emergency team, will need to be informed. It is best, however, whilst always taking into account legal, ethical and professional requirements, to try and give the client as much control over the disclosure of their intentions as possible (Geldard Geldard, 1999).
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